Obesity

Steven McGee Doctor , in Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis (Fourth Edition), 2018

D Waist Circumference

Waist circumference is but the numerator of WHR calculation. It has the advantages of being simpler to measure and avoiding whatever consideration of the hips, which, considering they encompass bone and skeletal muscle also as fat, should have no biologically plausible human relationship to diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Recommended cutoffs for increased health adventure are a waist circumference >102 cm (>40 inches) for men and >88 cm (>35 inches) for women. 15

Waist circumference is strongly associated with risk of expiry, contained of BMI. thirteen,16 Waist circumference is too a criterion for the metabolic syndrome (divers every bit the presence of 3 or more than of the following five variables: big waist circumference, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, and elevated fasting glucose). 17

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Genetics and Human being Appearance

C.G. Bulik , J.H. Baker , in Encyclopedia of Body Prototype and Human being Appearance, 2012

Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio

WC and WHR are mutual measures of anthropometry and tin be used as an indicator of wellness and obesity. WHR is calculated by measuring the smallest circumference of the natural waist dividing by the hip circumference at its widest office. A familial correlation has been suggested for WC and WHR. Twin studies confirm this providing heritability estimates ranging from 46% to 90% for WC and half dozen% to 61% for WHR.

A express number of molecular genetic studies have included WC and WHR with the majority of approaches being linkage studies and GWASs. However, not surprisingly many of the same genes implicated in obesity and BMI take shown associations with WC and WHR. For example, KLF7 has been implicated in WC, while ADRB3 has been implicated in WHR. Additionally, FTO and MC4R variants have been implicated in both WC and WHR. Additional associations have been found between WHR and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), uncoupling poly peptide 3 (UCP3), lysophospholipase-like1 (LYPLAL1), and betwixt WC and lymphotoxin alpha (LTA).

While most of our cognition of the genes involved in WC and WHR has come from linkage studies and GWASs, the inquiry in this area is withal limited. Linkage studies of WC have suggested that chromosomes ii, 6, and 12 are regions of interest. Additionally, GWASs indicate that a number of possible genes are involved in WC, including confirming associations with FTO and MC4R. However, results are in demand of replication every bit few studies accept shown overlapping results. Linkage studies including WHR propose that chromosome one contains a region of interest. Recently, a large-scale meta-assay of 32 GWASs was conducted for WHR. Results confirmed an clan with FTO and identified thirteen new loci. These new loci accounted for 1.03% of the variance in WHR. The results also suggested sexual dimorphism such that vii of the loci produced a stronger effect in women compared to that in men. Currently, molecular genetic piece of work examining the genes influencing WC and WHR is in its infancy. Nevertheless, equally the aforementioned results accept suggested, information technology appears those genes that are associated with BMI and obesity are promising candidates for their role in influencing WC and WHR.

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Obesity

Helen Yard. Seagle , ... James O. Hill , in Diet in the Prevention and Handling of Disease (3rd Edition), 2013

2 Waist Circumference

The waist circumference as a measure out of visceral adiposity tin can complement the BMI for assessing disease chance. Excess fat located in the intra-abdominal region (visceral fatty) is associated with a greater affliction hazard than fatty located in other areas [fifteen]. Abdominal fatness is an independent take a chance factor (even when BMI is non increased) and is predictive of co-morbidities and mortality [fifteen,16]. A high BMI alerts the provider that a client is carrying too much torso fat, whereas a high waist circumference signals that a significant amount of the excess fatty is visceral fatty. High risk is divers by a waist circumference greater than 40 in. (102   cm) for men and greater than 35 in. (88   cm) for women [five]. The ability of waist circumference to predict illness chance may vary past ethnicity and age [12] because waist circumference is a better disease hazard indicator than BMI in Asian Americans and in older individuals. For this reason, waist circumference cutoffs may need to be adjusted in the future based on age and ethnicity. Sex-specific cutoffs for waist circumference can be used for adults with a BMI less than 35   kg/thousand2. In individuals with a BMI greater than 35   kg/thousand2, a waist circumference does not confer additional disease risk and therefore it is non necessary to measure waist circumference in clients with BMI greater than 35   kg/grand2. Effigy 24.2 illustrates an advisable technique to mensurate waist circumference.

Figure 24.2. Measuring tape position for waist circumference.

 Source: Adjusted from North American Association for the Study of Obesity [22].

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Obesity: Overview of Treatments and Interventions

HELEN M. SEAGLE , ... JAMES O. HILL , in Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, 2001

2. WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE

The waist circumference is an assessment tool that can complement the BMI measurement for assessment of disease risk. Excess fat located in the upper abdominal region (visceral fat) is associated with a greater risk than fat located in other areas [ 17]. Abdominal fatness is an independent take a chance gene (even when BMI is non increased) and is predictive of comorbidities and mortality [17, 18]. Sex-specific cutoffs for waist circumference can be used for adults with a BMI less than 35 kg/grand2. In individuals with a BMI above 35 kg/m2, a waist circumference does not confer boosted disease risk and therefore it is not necessary to mensurate waist circumference in patients with BMI > 35 kg/mii.

High adventure is defined by a waist circumference > twoscore inches (102 cm) for men and > 35 inches (88 cm) for women [6]. The power of waist circumference to predict disease risk may vary by ethnicity and age [14]. For example, waist circumference is a improve indicator of disease risk than BMI in Asian-Americans and in older individuals. For this reason, waist circumference cutoffs may need to exist adapted, in the futurity, based on age and ethnicity.

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Prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children

Anura Kurpad , Sumathi Swaminathan , in Public Health Nutrition in Developing Countries, 2011

xiii.5.2 Waist circumference

The waist circumference is a practiced indicator of fatness and wellness risks in children. However, although waist circumference is a very useful mensurate of fat distribution in children, appropriate cut-off points for high or low health risks accept not yet been developed [ 28, 47, 48]. Abdominal visceral fat as measured by the DEXA instrument correlates highly with waist circumference [47]. Evidence exists linking accumulated visceral adipose tissue to increased health risks and metabolic disorders in children. In research studies, babyhood waist circumference is more efficient than BMI in predicting insulin resistance, blood pressure level, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels [48].

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OBESITY | Fat Distribution

J. Stevens , Grand.P. Truesdale , in Encyclopedia of Homo Nutrition (2nd Edition), 2005

Applications

Waist circumference can be used to assess obesity-related health risks in public health and clinical settings. Considering it consists of simply ane measurement instead of 2, it introduces less measurement error than WHR. A big waist has been shown to reflect both generalized obesity and centralized body fatty distribution, which suggests that waist circumference could replace both BMI and WHR as a unproblematic indicator of the need for weight management. Also, waist circumference tends to exist more than highly correlated with visceral fat than WHR.

Information technology has been shown that hip circumference solitary is inversely associated with cardiovascular illness risk after controlling for historic period, BMI, smoking, and waist circumference. Therefore, some predictive data may be lost if hip circumference is not assessed. If an index of body shape, independent of total body fatness, is desired the WHR may exist preferred over waist alone because it is less highly correlated with full adiposity. Waist-to-hip ratio is a widely accepted form of fat patterning assessment. It is a good predictor of disease and metabolic disorders, with an increasing WHR indicating increased risk. Cutpoints used to define elevated WHR range from 0.ninety–1.00 in men to 0.80–0.90 in women.

Guidelines for the use of waist circumference in combination with BMI have been issued by NIH and WHO. NIH guidelines utilise BMI cutoffs for an initial cess of overweight and obesity and recommend waist circumference cutoffs every bit a supplementary indicator of health take chances. Increased relative take a chance for the evolution of obesity-associated risk factors in most adults is predicted for adults within the BMI range of 25–35 when the waist is ≥   102   cm (40   in.) in men and ≥   88   cm (35   in.) in women.

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A Review on the Nutritional Challenges of Schoolhouse Children From the Perspective Developing Countries

Ratnabali Sengupta , ... William Cetzal-Nine , in The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health, 2019

7.9.3 Effect of Menarche on Waist Circumference, Waist–Hip Ratio, and Waist–Superlative Ratio

The WC is signified to be a major indicator during the premenarche and postmenarche period, associated with sexual development. Girls with college WC face up early on menarche and accept backlog body fatty. It is important to control the occurrence of CO by observing the modify of WC during puberty for girls' wellness [185]. Many past worldwide and Indian studies [26,129,169,186] investigated central obesity by measuring WHR and CI in prepubertal and pubertal girls. Pubertal girls exhibited almost the same CO compared to prepubertal girls [169,187].

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Cess of Nutritional Status in the Elderly

Teresa Kokot , ... Edyta Fatyga , in Nutrition and Functional Foods for Salubrious Aging, 2017

Waist Circumference

Waist circumference is a diagnostic indicator that reflects abdominal obesity. It is measured by applying a stretch-resistant record at least twice between the lesser edge of the bottom rib and the acme of the iliac crest and perpendicular to the vertical line of the trunk at the end of a gentle exhalation of a person standing with legs together and hands lowered freely ( WHO, 2008). In the case of highly obese individuals whose measurements cannot be taken between the edge of the rib and the ridge of the hip, the waist circumference is measured at the navel (Ness-Abramof and Apovian, 2008; Browning et al., 2010; Roszkowski and Chmara-Pawlińska, 2003).

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Body: Composition, Weight, Superlative, and Build

A.S. Ryan , D. Elahi , in Encyclopedia of Gerontology (2d Edition), 2007

Anthropometrics

The waist circumference is used to guess primal obesity. A waist circumference >102  cm in men and >88   cm in women classifies abdominal obesity by the Developed Treatment Panel III criteria. The regional distribution of fat tin can be estimated by the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference (WHR). A WHR of >0.90 in men and >0.85 in women is generally considered to exist upper body obese, and a WHR below these numbers is considered as lower body obese. Waist circumference and WHR correlate with CT and MRI analysis of abdominal tissue. Other simple measures of regional obesity can be made with circumferences every bit well as depths and latitude measurements from other parts of the body. Several researchers have developed predictive equations with the apply of CT as the criterion method to estimate visceral fat. These equations utilize simple anthropometry, DXA measures, and the combination of the ii to approximate visceral fat. Reports betoken that skinfold thicknesses should not be used to assess changes in body composition with historic period due to their failure to detect fatty distribution changes with age.

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Ageing and changes in trunk composition: the importance of valid measurements

P. Deurenberg , M. Deurenberg-Yap , in Nutrient for the Ageing Population, 2009

Waist and hip circumference and sagital bore

The waist circumference is used equally a measure for body fat distribution. Information technology is more difficult to mensurate in elderly if tissue is loose and landmarks might not be piece of cake to locate. This might not only affect the reading merely also the interpretation of the measurement. The aforementioned holds for the hip circumference, which used to be used as a reference for waist circumference (waist/hip ratio). The 'normal' values used in adults might not be applicable to elderly and more research has to be done on this bespeak. The sagital diameter (abdominal depths) may exist a valid predictor for increased intra-abdominal adipose tissue and associated risks in eye anile but not in elderly.

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